Exogenous xylanase improves growth,protein digestibility and digestive enzymes activities in Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,fed different ratios of fish meal to sunflower meal

A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different ratios of fish meal (FM): sunflower meal (SFM) with or without exogenous xylanase supplementation on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzymes activities, apparent digestibility, intestinal and liver morphology and chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Three isonitrogenous (329.80 g/kg of crude protein) and isoenergetic (18.46 MJ/kg gross energy) experimental diets were formulated as SFM₁ (FM:SFM = 2:1), SFM₂ (FM:SFM = 1:1) and SFM₃ (FM:SFM = 1:2) based on protein content. Each diet was supplemented with 0 or 0.5 g/kg of exogenous xylanase and was fed to triplicate groups of twelve fish (with initial weight, 1.31 ± 0.02 g) for 84 days. After 84 days of feeding period, the highest weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency, protein productive value and the best feed conversion ratio were recorded in fish fed either SFM₁ or SFM₂ supplemented with exogenous xylanase. Whereas lowest growth performance was recorded in fish fed SFM₂ and SFM₃ un‐supplemented with xylanase. The highest activities of chymotrypsin, trypsin, lipase, amylase, alkaline phosphatase and cholecystokinin were observed in fish fed SFM₁ and SFM₂ diets supplemented with xylanase. The highest ADCs of dry matter, protein, lipid and digestible energy were recorded in fish fed SFM₁ and SFM₂ diets supplemented with exogenous xylanase. Supplementation of exogenous xylanase improved muscularis mucosa thickness, height of mucosal folds and enterocytes of intestinal fish. Addition of exogenous xylanase increased the calcium and phosphorus retention. Results of this study indicated that the addition of exogenous xylanase to diet containing high inclusion level of sunflower meal improved growth, digestive enzymes, nutrient digestibility, histological morphometric of liver and intestine and nutrient retention.     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂脂代谢相关的滞育关联基因差异表达分析

本文对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂滞育组与正常发育组进行转录组测序，筛选差异表达基因，根据功能注释发现这些滞育关联基因主要与碳水化合物代谢、脂质代谢以及信号转导等途径相关。借助KEGG数据库，共筛选出滞育期间401个与脂代谢相关的差异基因，在滞育期间呈现不同程度的上调表达，涉及了脂肪酸生物合成、甘油脂代谢、类固醇生物合成等代谢途径，除与脂质合成相关的脂肪酸合成酶、超长链脂肪酸延伸酶基因上调表达外，与脂质分解相关的酶，如酯酶同样上调表达，可能与提高茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂免疫力有关；与激素合成相关基因的上调表达，可能抑制茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂卵巢发育。     

苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117菌株对韭蛆体内几种酶活性的影响

为明确苏云金芽胞杆菌JQD117对韭蛆幼虫蛋白酶和解毒酶活性的影响，测定比较了感染Bt后幼虫体内胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和羧酸酯酶的活性。首先采用室内生物活性测定方法明确了菌株JQD117对韭蛆3龄幼虫72 h的LC₅₀为2.8070×10⁷cfu/mL，然后采用10×LC₅₀、1×LC₅₀和0.1×LC₅₀三个浓度饲喂感染韭蛆幼虫，定期取样测定韭蛆体内5种酶活性，结果表明以较高浓度（1×LC₅₀和10×LC₅₀）感染韭蛆幼虫后体内蛋白酶和解毒酶活性变化较大，而以低浓度（0.1×LC₅₀）感染韭蛆幼虫后体内蛋白酶活性变化较小。其中，以1×LC₅₀和10×LC₅₀浓度感染韭蛆幼虫后，胰蛋白酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在24~36 h和6~60 h与对照相比均显著升高；类胰凝乳蛋白酶和羧酸酯酶活性在6~60 h与对照相比均受到显著抑制。以0.1×LC₅₀浓度感染韭蛆幼虫后，胰蛋白酶活性只在36 h时与对照相比显著升高；乙酰胆碱酯酶活性在12~48 h时与对照相比显著升高；羧酸酯酶活性只在6 h与对照相比受到显著抑制；类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性与对照相比均无显著变化。谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性在三种感染浓度下与对照相比均无显著变化。可见，感染JQD117对韭蛆体内蛋白酶和解毒酶活性均产生了不同程度的影响，且随感染浓度的升高而增强，扰乱了韭蛆正常的生理代谢和对外源毒素的分解，本文为Bt防治韭蛆应用和开发提供了理论指导。     

The heterogeneous distribution of α-amylase and endoxylanase activity over a population of preharvest sprouted wheat kernels and their localization in individual kernels

To develop targeted approaches to improve the quality of preharvest sprouted (PHS) wheat as a raw material for food manufacturing, knowledge on the nature and distribution of hydrolytic enzymes in PHS wheat is crucial. Results of the present study indicate that α-amylase and endoxylanase activities are heterogeneously distributed among a population of PHS kernel. Within individual severely sprouted kernels, the enzyme activities are heterogeneously distributed throughout the different tissues. α-Amylase activity, almost exclusively of endogenous nature, is mainly detected in the germ region and to a lesser extent in the aleurone layer. Endoxylanase activity is predominantly of microbial origin and located on the kernel surface. In spite of this, light and epifluorescence microscopy show decreased kernel integrity and cell wall breakdown in the crushed cells layer, the endosperm, and the aleurone layer in a selection of kernels upon preharvest sprouting. This knowledge offers opportunities for the development of treatments to reduce the enzyme load in PHS wheat at postharvest level to improve its flour quality.     

生物絮团对罗氏沼虾体组成和消化酶活性的影响

通过向养殖水体中泼洒糖蜜构建生物絮团养殖模式,分析生物絮团营养组成,并探讨生物絮团对罗氏沼虾体组成和消化酶活性的影响。试验分对照组和试验组(生物絮团组),其中试验组在养殖过程中泼洒糖蜜。试验在室内水泥池内(2 m×2 m×0.6 m)进行,每个处理有3个重复,每个重复225尾虾(0.26 g±0.02 g),试验周期为90 d。养殖过程中不换水,糖蜜的泼洒量根据饲料投喂量进行计算(C/N为20)。结果显示:添加糖蜜能够显著促进生物絮团的形成,到第90天时,试验组的絮团体积达21.22 mL/L;而对照组为6.03 mL/L;试验组絮团粗蛋白含量为29.47%,粗脂肪含量为4.32%,二者均显著高于对照组,而粗灰分含量为11.36%,显著低于对照组;泼洒糖蜜对罗氏沼虾体组成的影响不显著,对照组和试验组肌肉粗蛋白含量分别为21.09%和21.20%,粗脂肪含量分别为2.91%和3.06%;另外,向水体中泼洒糖蜜对罗氏沼虾消化酶活性影响显著。试验组罗氏沼虾肠脂肪酶活性、胃脂肪酶活性和胰脂肪酶活性均显著高于对照组;试验组罗氏沼虾糜蛋白酶活性、胰蛋白酶活性也均显著高于对照组。但泼洒糖蜜对肠淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、胃淀粉酶、胰淀粉酶和纤维素酶活性没有显著影响。试验表明,生物絮团营养组成丰富,能够有效提高消化酶活性。     

饲料异亮氨酸水平对卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性和免疫指标的影响

实验旨在研究饲料异亮氨酸(Ile)水平对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)消化酶活性和免疫指标的影响。以鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕和L-晶体氨基酸为蛋白源,配制含粗蛋白430 g·kg~(-1)的6种等氮饲料,各组分别含有13.2 g·kg~(-1)、15.7 g·kg~(-1)、18.2 g·kg~(-1)、20.7 g·kg~(-1)、23.2 g·kg~(-1)和25.7g·kg~(-1)(以干物质计)异亮氨酸。每组3个重复,每个重复随机放置20尾鱼[初始体质量(6.36±0.03)g],实验时长8周。结果显示,各实验组的肠淀粉酶和胃蛋白酶活性、血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、溶菌酶(LZM)活性、免疫球蛋白M和补体(C3和C4)浓度均随着饲料Ile水平的升高而先上升后下降,这5个指标的较高值出现在18.2 g·kg~(-1)和20.7 g·kg~(-1)组,而较低值则出现在13.2 g·kg~(-1)和25.7 g·kg~(-1)组,上述4组与其他2组差异显著。血清尿素氮和丙二醛(MDA)浓度的变化趋势则与上述7个指标相反,较低值出现在18.2 g·kg~(-1)和20.7 g·kg~(-1)组,且显著低于其他4组。血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则随着饲料Ile水平的增加而显著升高,18.2~25.7 g·kg~(-1)这4组SOD活性没有显著性差异。综上所述,饲料Ile水平为18.2~20.7 g·kg~(-1)时,卵形鲳鲹具有较好的消化性能和免疫机能。     

耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响

以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。     

热处理对低温胁迫下黄瓜活性氧代谢和膜脂组分的影响

为探讨热处理减轻黄瓜果实低温冷害的作用机理,本试验研究了47℃热水浸泡5 min处理对黄瓜果实在4℃贮藏期间活性氧代谢和膜脂组分的影响。结果表明,47℃热水5 min处理可显著抑制黄瓜果实冷害的发生,贮藏15 d后果实冷害指数较对照(CK)低20.87%。此外,热处理还可抑制黄瓜相对电导率及丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升,提高黄瓜果实超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(DOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,抑制超氧阴离子($\mathop{{O}}_{2}^{{\mathop{}_{\ ·}^{-}}}$)及过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的产生,同时降低脂氧合酶的活性,保持较低的饱和脂肪酸含量、较高的不饱和脂肪酸含量和膜脂不饱和度。综上,热处理可维持黄瓜果实活性氧代谢的平衡,抑制膜脂的过氧化作用,从而提高黄瓜果实的抗冷性,减轻果实冷害损伤。